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North Korea Says it will Restart its Nuclear Facility
North Korea announced that it is preparing to restart the facility that produced its atomic bomb.

Security Specialists Say US More Vulnerable to Nuclear Attack
The U.S. is now more vulnerable to a catastrophic terrorist attack than it was seven years ago - in part because the government has dragged its feet in defending against the threat.

Iran Signals No Plans to Stop Nuclear Regime
Iran's nuclear program remains unchanged, a government spokesman Saturday, indicating that Tehran has no plans to meet a key Western demand that it stop enriching uranium.

U.S. Unprepared for Dirty Bomb
The U.S. has a shortage of laboratories to test the thousands of people who might be exposed to radiation if a “dirty bomb” detonated in a major city, according to a congressional report released Thursday.

Radioactive Fallout Will be the Killer
Like the more than 160 million Americans who live within the danger zones, your greatest concern following a nuclear attack comes from radioactive fallout. That's the main reason you will need a well-constructed, underground bomb shelter.

Bomb Shelter Writing Supplies
Are writing supplies available, including pens or pencils and printed forms or paper, for keeping records of radiation exposure?

Watching for Fallout to Arrive Near the Bomb Shelter
When a nuclear weapon explodes anywhere within several hundred miles, there will be many signs to indicate it. By that time, people should be on the way to, or already at, their bomb shelter.

More Bomb Shelter Articles...

Types of Nuclear Explosions
The immediate phenomena associated with a nuclear explosion, as well as the effects of shock and blast and of thermal and nuclear radiations, vary with the location of the point of burst in relation to the surface of the earth. For descriptive purposes five types of burst are distinguished, although many variations and intermediate situations can arise in practice.

Sources of Radiation
Blast and thermal effects occur to some extent in all types of explosions, whether conventional or nuclear. The release of ionizing radiation, however, is a phenomenon unique to nuclear explosions and is an additional casualty producing mechanism superimposed on blast and thermal effects.

Time Scale of a Fission Explosion
An interesting insight into the rate at which the energy is released in a fission explosion can be obtained by treating the fission chain as a series of "generations." Suppose that a certain number of neutrons are present initially and that these are captured by fissionable nuclei; then, in the fission process other neutrons are released.

Thermonuclear Fusion Reactions
From experiments made in laboratories with charged-particle accelerators, it was concluded that the fusion of isotopes of hydrogen was possible.

Thermal Radiation
The observed phenomena associated with a nuclear explosion and the effects on people and materials are largely determined by the thermal radiation and its interaction with the surroundings. It is desirable, therefore, to consider the nature of these radiations somewhat further.

Fission Products
Many different initial fission product nuclei, i.e., fission fragments, are formed when uranium or plutonium nuclei capture neutrons and suffer fission. There are 40 or so different ways in which the nuclei can split up when fission occurs; hence about 80 different fragments are produced.

Fission Energy
The significant point about the fission of a uranium (or plutonium) nucleus by means of a neutron, in addition to the release of a large quantity of energy, is that the process is accompanied by the instantaneous emission of two or more neutrons.

Critical Mass for a Fission Chain
Although two to three neutrons are produced in the fission reaction for every nucleus that undergoes fission, not all of these neutrons are available for causing further fissions. Some of the fission neutrons are lost by escape, whereas others are lost in various nonfission reactions.

Attainment of Critical Mass in a Nuclear Explosion
In order to produce an explosion, the material must then be made “supercritical,” i.e., larger than the critical mass, in a time so short as to preclude a sub-explosive change in the configuration, such as by melting.

Residual Radiation
The residual radiation hazard from a nuclear explosion is in the form of radioactive fallout and neutron-induced activity.

Radiation and Fallout
Radioactive fallout will fall in a manner similar to that following a volcanic eruption. It will be flaky in appearance and its size may reduce to dust particles or smaller. Expect it to be thicker near the detonation site and thinner as it travels down wind.

Initial Radiation
About 5% of the energy released in a nuclear air burst is transmitted in the form of initial neutron and gamma radiation. The neutrons result almost exclusively from the energy producing fission and fusion reactions, while the initial gamma radiation includes that arising from these reactions as well as that resulting from the decay of short-lived fission products.

General Principles of Nuclear Explosions
An explosion, in general, results from the very rapid release of a large amount of energy within a limited space. This is true for a conventional “high explosive,” such as TNT, as well as for a nuclear (or atomic) explosion, although the energy is produced in quite different ways.

Worldwide and Local Fallout
The radiobiological hazard of worldwide fallout is essentially a long-term one due to the potential accumulation of long-lived radioisotopes, such as strontium-90 and cesium-137, in the body as a result of ingestion of foods which had incorporated these radioactive materials.

Energy Yield of Nuclear Explosions
The “yield” of a nuclear weapon is a measure of the amount of explosive energy it can produce. It is the usual practice to state the yield in terms of the quantity of TNT that would generate the same amount of energy when it explodes.

Distribution of Energy in Nuclear Explosions
The basic reason for this difference is that, weight for weight, the energy produced by a nuclear explosive is millions of times as great as that produced by a chemical explosive.

Atomic Structure and Isotopes
A less familiar element, which has attained prominence in recent years because of its use as a source of nuclear energy, is uranium, normally a solid metal.